Genetic adaptation of aspen (Populus tremuloides) populations to spring risk environments: a novel remote sensing approach
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چکیده
This study investigates geographic patterns of genetic variation in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux.) spring phenology with the aim of understanding adaptation of populations to climatic risk environments and the practical application of guiding seed transfer. We use a classical common garden experiment to reveal genetic differences among populations from western Canada and Minnesota, and we present a novel method to seamlessly map heat-sum requirements from remotely sensed green-up dates. Both approaches reveal similar geographic patterns: we find low heat-sum requirements in northern and high-elevation aspen populations, allowing them to take full advantage of a short growing season. High heatsum requirements were found in populations from the central boreal plains of Saskatchewan and Alberta, and populations from Minnesota exhibit moderately low heat-sum requirements for budbreak. Analysis of corresponding climate normal data shows that late budbreak is strongly associated with the driest winter and spring environments, which suggests selection pressures for late budbreak due to both frost and drought risks in early spring. We therefore caution against longdistance seed transfer of Minnesota provenances to the boreal plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Although such transfers have been shown to increase tree growth in short-term field tests, this planting material may be susceptible to exceptional spring droughts. Résumé : Les auteurs ont étudié les patrons géographiques de la variation génétique de la phénologie printanière du peuplier faux-tremble (Populus tremuloides Michaux.) dans le but de mieux comprendre l’adaptation des populations aux risques environnementaux liés au climat et les implications pratiques pour guider le transfert des semences. Une expérience classique en plantation comparative a permis de révéler les différences génétiques entre les populations de l’ouest du Canada et celles du Minnesota. De plus, les auteurs présentent une nouvelle méthode permettant de cartographier de façon continue les exigences en sommes de température à partir des dates d’apparition du feuillage déterminées par télédétection. Les deux approches ont révélé des patrons géographiques similaires : des exigences faibles en sommes de température ont été notées pour les populations de peuplier faux-tremble situées au nord et à haute altitude, leur permettant de profiter pleinement de la courte saison de croissance. Des exigences élevées en sommes de température ont été notées pour les populations des plaines boréales du centre de la Saskatchewan et de l’Alberta, alors que les populations du Minnesota avaient des exigences modérément faibles en sommes de température pour le débourrement. L’analyse des données de la normale climatique correspondante démontre que le débourrement tardif est fortement associé aux conditions environnementales reliées aux hivers et aux printemps les plus secs, ce qui indique qu’il y a des pressions de sélection pour le débourrement tardif en raison des risques de gel et de sécheresse tôt au printemps. Les auteurs déconseillent donc le transfert sur de longues distances des semences des provenances du Minnesota vers les plaines boréales de l’Alberta et de la Saskatchewan. Même s’il a été démontré que de tels transferts augmentent la croissance des arbres dans les tests au champ de courte durée, ce matériel de plantation pourrait être sensible à des sécheresses printanières exceptionnelles. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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تاریخ انتشار 2010